話說昨天阿媽問我為甚麼運動會快樂，

身體會產生些甚麼，

所以今天上網找到些東東。

A number of studies have examined brain noradrenaline (正腎上腺素), serotonin (血清素) and dopamine (多巴胺) with exercise. Although there are great discrepancies in experimental protocols, the results indicate that there is evidence in favor of changes in synthesis and metabolism of monoamines during exercise.

(Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8571000)

As a neurotransmitter, serotonin helps to relay messages from one area of the brain to another. Because of the widespread distribution of its cells, it is believed to influence a variety of psychological and other body functions. Of the approximately 40 million brain cells, most are influenced either directly or indirectly by serotonin. This includes brain cells related to mood, sexual desire and function, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, and some social behavior.

(Source: http://www.webmd.com/depression/features/serotonin)

One of the neurotransmitters playing a major role in addiction is dopamine. Many of the concepts that apply to dopamine apply to other neurotransmitters as well.

As a chemical messenger, dopamine is similar to adrenaline. Dopamine affects brain processes that control movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain.

(Source: http://www.utexas.edu/research/asrec/dopamine.html )

The so-called 'monoamine neurotransmitters', which include dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and serotonin, are released from neurons in both the brain and peripheral nervous system. The function of the monoamines is not clear but they are thought to have a crucial role in arousal, emotion and cognition. Certainly, drugs that augment the effects of monoamines on their target tissues are used to treat psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression and schizophrenia.

(Source: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/npp/research/scs)

http://www.igotmail.com.tw/tag/%E9%BE%8D%E6%87%89%E5%8F%B0

[source: notes of Veronica Chow, Nurse Specialist, QMH]

 

Wing's Autistic continuum: triad of impairment of social relationship, communication, social understanding and imagination

Asperger's syndrome (Wing, 1981): lack of empathy and feeling for people, the deviant pattern of communication, the unusual and restricted intellectual interests, and the idiosyncratic attachments to objects - institute a milder variant of autism.

idiosyncratic: peculiar to individual

peculiar: beyond from usual

 

sex ration of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD): male to female = 3-4 to 1

intelligence of ASD: 2/3 below average

 

15 items of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale:

relating to people

imitation (模仿)

emotional responses

body use

object use

adaptation to change

visual responses

listening response

taste, smell and touch response and use

fear or nervousness

verbal communication

nonverbal communication

activity level

level and consistency of intellectual functioning

general impression

 

diagnostic criteria (DSM V)

skip

 

management:

not aiming at curing the disease

mainly on psycho-educational program

drugs - non-curative, symptomatic for associated hyperactivity, poor concentration, self-injury, aggression and epilepsy, etc.

home based training

treatment and education of autistic and related communication handicapped children

behavior therapy

others - holding therapy, sensory integration, speech therapy

人體只需要極微量的B12就可以健康生活。（若體內真的缺少了它，會導致貧血及其他健康問題。）蛋和牛奶含有維他命B12，所以素食者若兼吃這些食物，不必擔心缺乏。嚴格素食者不吃蛋不吃牛奶，也不必擔心，因為植物性食物一樣含有維他命B12，例如慈菇就是，而且多種海藻、各種豆類發酵的食品（豆豉、麵豉醬之類）酵母也有，連各種芽菜、糙米、小麥等都會有。

 

Strict vegetarians (vegans) who do not eat animal products and babies of mothers who are strict vegetarians are at increased risk for developing anemia and should take a supplement containing vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is stored in the liver for a year or more, which reduces a person's risk of anemia.

http://www.webmd.com/diet/vitamin-b12-15239

In adult humans fever is defined as an oral temperature above 37 degree of Celsius

or a rectal temperature above 37.5 degree of Celsius.

Prescott, L. M., Harley, J.P., & Klein, D.A. (2005). Microbiology. New York: McGraw-Hill.